DEPOSITORY TRUST & CLEARING (DTC)

06 Oct DEPOSITORY TRUST & CLEARING (DTC)

WHAT DOES DTCC DO AND HOW DO ISSUERS WORK WITH DTC?

The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), through its subsidiaries, offers industry-leading solutions to ensure the safety and efficiency of the world’s financial markets. For over 40 years, DTCC has been the premier post-trade market infrastructure provider, focusing on automation, centralization, standardization, and streamlining critical market processes. As a key player at the heart of global trading, DTCC processes trillions of dollars in securities transactions daily. It serves as the centralized clearinghouse for over 50 exchanges and equity platforms worldwide, with multiple data and operating centers that provide strong business continuity and 24/7 support.

DTCC is user-owned and governed, serving clients across all stages of the trade lifecycle—from initial onboarding to trading, clearance, settlement, asset servicing, and data reporting. DTCC’s services cover a broad range of securities products and asset classes, as outlined below:

Securities Products:

• Equities
• Corporate & Municipal Bonds
• Government & Mortgage-backed Securities
• Derivatives
• Mutual Funds
• Money Market Instruments
• Alternative Investment Products
• Insurance
• Syndicated Loans

Asset Classes and Services:

• Clearing
• Institutional Matching
• Settlement
• Asset Servicing
• Collateral Management
• Global Data Management
• Information Services

WHAT IS DTC?

The Depository Trust Company (DTC) is DTCC’s central securities depository subsidiary. It provides depository and book-entry services and operates a securities settlement system. DTC’s primary role is to hold eligible securities on behalf of its Participants, managing the transfer and pledge of securities as well as the settlement of transactions via book-entry, free of payment, or delivery versus payment.

DTC offers the following key services:

1. Settlement Services: DTC settles nearly all U.S. equity, corporate, and municipal debt trades, along with money market instruments. Approximately 1.4 million settlement-related transactions are processed daily, totaling around 498.66 billion euros.
2. Central Safekeeping and Asset Servicing: DTC holds securities from 131 countries and territories, with a total value of 30.92 trillion euros. Asset services include:
   • Underwriting
   • Corporate actions processing
   • Securities processing
   • Global tax services
   • Issuer services

These services ensure efficient, secure, and risk-controlled settlement of financial transactions, helping issuers and investors manage their portfolios and regulatory requirements effectively.

WHAT IS AN “ELIGIBLE SECURITY”?

An “eligible security” is one that is freely tradable pursuant to U.S. securities laws and is otherwise qualified to be held at DTC and serviced. The eligibility criteria are more fully described in DTC’s Operational Arrangements. Depository services over the lifecycle of the security may include deposits, withdrawals, and a wide range of corporate action events such as dividend and interest payments, tender and rights offers, and corporate reorganizations.

HOW DOES AN ISSUE BECOME ELIGIBLE AT DTC?

For an underwritten offering, a DTC participant submits a request to make a security eligible for DTC services. Participants may also request eligibility for “older issues” which are already traded in the marketplace. DTC participants include banks, broker/dealers and other firms that act as underwriters of new issues, as well as other types of financial service institutions. An issuer seeking for an issue to become DTC eligible should work through a DTC participant that is willing to sponsor the eligibility process for the security. A participant may submit an eligibility request through DTC’s Underwriting Service at the time a security is initially offered and distributed to the marketplace, or at a later time for older issues that are not already DTC eligible. DTC’s Underwriting area may be consulted for specific eligibility requirements.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING A SECURITY BECOME DTC ELIGIBLE?

While there is no requirement that any security be held at DTC to trade, many brokerage firms and issuers want to take advantage of the efficiencies and costs benefits that DTC offers. Also, many stock exchanges require DTC-eligibility prior to listing of a security.

Throughout the lifecycle of a security, DTC helps boost efficiencies, reduce risk and lower costs for participants, issuers and investors. The benefits begin with the eligibility/underwriting process, which enables the initial distribution of a security offering to be made electronically to financial institutions that are DTC participants and ultimately to investors. Once a security becomes eligible, DTC, through its nominee Cede & Co., is the registered holder of the securities, routinely processing dividend and interest payments and managing the electronic “book-entry” transfer of interests in securities among participants. These participants are often holding and transferring interests in the securities at the direction of their customers, including ultimate beneficial owners. If a reorganization such as a corporate merger or tender offer occurs, DTC handles the transfer of cash and stock to the appropriate investment bank or broker/dealer, which then passes it on to their investors. By maintaining custody of eligible securities, DTC eliminates the risk of a missed election on a corporate action, or a missed dividend payment.

HOW DO ISSUERS WORK WITH DTC?

Prior to having a security made eligible for DTC services, an issuer must appoint a transfer / paying agent that will submit and adhere to an Operational Arrangements Agent Letter filed with DTC. The issuer’s designated agent(s) will work with DTC on an ongoing basis on activities related to the servicing of its security. During the lifecycle of the issuer’s security, servicing activities may include income and redemption payments, and reorganization or corporate action events including tenders, consents, name change, reverse splits, mergers, bankruptcy, etc.

IN WHAT WAYS CAN INVESTORS HOLD INTERESTS IN A DTC ELIGIBLE SECURITY?

The way in which investors hold securities determines what happens when they buy and sell, as well as how they receive investor communications including annual reports and voting proxies, and the way any dividends would be paid. There are three ways in which a DTC-eligible security can be held:

• Street name (least expensive / lower risk)
  When an investor holds shares this way, the investor’s name is listed on its brokerage firm’s books as the beneficial owner of the shares. The brokerage firm’s name is listed in DTC’s ownership records. DTC’s nominee name (Cede & Co.) is listed as the registered owner on the records of the issuer maintained by its transfer agent. DTC holds legal title to the securities and the ultimate investor is the beneficial owner.

• Direct Registration (less expensive / lower risk)
  If an investor purchases securities and wants to hold them electronically in its own name rather than in street name, the investor can do so through the direct registration system (DRS). DRS allows an investor, as the owner of the security, to be the registered holder directly on the issuer’s books and records, maintained by its transfer agent. Investors who use direct registration receive a statement providing evidence of ownership instead of a stock certificate. The issuer or its transfer agent sends all investor information, dividends, and other corporate communications, including proxy materials, directly to the investor. An investor can sell directly from its DRS account but transfer agents cannot provide a current price or limit price, thus the securities must usually be transferred electronically from the investor’s account with the issuer or transfer agent to its broker/dealer through DTC.

• Physical certificate (most expensive / higher risk)
  Holding shares in in the form of a certificate is the more expensive, higher risk option for investors. Physical certificates can be lost, stolen or damaged and replacement costs are high as replacement takes time to complete.If an investor wants to obtain a physical certificate, securities are withdrawn by their brokerage firm from their account at DTC where the inventory is registered in DTC’s nominee (Cede & Co.) and re-registered into the investor’s name. In many cases brokerage firms and transfer agents charge a fee for issuing and delivering a physical certificate. In some cases, the option for a physical certificate may not be available as an investment firm may refuse requests for a physical certificate or the issuing company may have elected not to issue physical certificates.

WHAT HOLDER INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE?

DTC is able to provide position information on a security at the DTC participant level. Issuers and their authorized third-party agents can use DTC’s Security Position Report web service (SPR) throughout the year to obtain position information on their securities as needed.

ISSUER QUESTIONS REGARDING ELECTRONIC OMNIBUS PROXY

In an effort to provide Issuers with more timely and efficient receipt of Omnibus Proxy information, The Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) have introduced a new Electronic Omnibus Proxy capability. What this means is that Issuers will be able to actively retrieve their Omnibus Proxy information (still at no charge) via DTCC’s SPR web service. No more waiting for a hard copy Omnibus Proxy and position listing to arrive in the mail from DTCC. Issuers (with web registered Coordinator-level users) will be able to retrieve it online. Assuming that DTCC has been appropriately notified of meeting and record date information on your CUSIP and your firm has valid web users and eligible issues indicated on the DTCC SPR web service, we will create the Electronic Omnibus Proxy and make it available for online retrieval by the Issuer as of the morning after record date. Any web registered coordinator-level user at the Issuer firm associated with that CUSIP will be able to go onto the web SPR service and retrieve the Omnibus Proxy information in browser format and print or save it as needed. All coordinator-level web users at the Issuer firm will be sent an email notification by DTCC on the morning after their record date to advise them that their Omnibus information is available on the web site for their retrieval.

HOW DOES DTC KNOW WHEN A DIVIDEND OR INTEREST PAYMENT SHOULD BE MADE ON A SECURITY?

DTC is made aware of dividend or interest payment information related to a security in a number of ways. At the time of DTC eligibility, an issuer’s offering document is reviewed to determine if standard payment information exists on the security. If so, this information is entered onto DTC’s security master file for future processing purposes.

Payment information that has not been provided to DTC via an initial offering document at the time of eligibility is communicated in various ways. DTC obtains payment notifications (including record date information) from issuers, their authorized servicing agents, the Stock Exchanges, and other third party information sources. DTC utilizes a variety of information sources in order to meet the servicing needs of its participants and to support their provision of information to ultimate investors.

WHAT IS DTC’S ROLE ON A CORPORATE ACTION OR REORGANIZATION EVENT?

A corporate action is an event that produces a corporate restructuring, and, often, affects the value of the company’s securities. There are many types of corporate actions that can affect a security. Some of the most common include dividend and interest payments, voluntary tender offers, warrants, rights offers, corporate reorganizations, and redemption of municipal and corporate bonds. DTC (within its Asset Services group) handles certain essential aspects of corporate action processing, many of which involve high-volume, complex activities. DTC works with issuers and their authorized agents to announce and process corporate actions in a timely and efficient manner, with heightened emphasis on risk reduction as the volume and complexity of corporate actions continues to increase.

DTC is currently undertaking a major initiative to re-engineer its technology and the way it handles corporate actions. These efforts will increase processing efficiencies, standardize corporate actions data and streamline the flow of information.

Another major innovation is the introduction of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) technology, for corporate actions announcements. Using XBRL messages to electronically disseminate corporate actions data directly from issuers will greatly reduce the cost of corporate actions, while also reducing risk and expediting the distribution of announcements.

HOW SHOULD AN ISSUER COMMUNICATE WITH DTC?

Issuers or their agents may provide certain information or notice to DTC for distribution to participants for processing as required. DTC participants are responsible for the distribution of information to their customers, including intermediaries and ultimate beneficial owners. Notifications to DTC should include all relevant information pertaining to the issue, including but not limited to CUSIP number(s), payment information, and any related instructions.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A SECURITY IS “CHILLED” AT DTC?

DTC may at times place temporary or permanent restrictions on certain transactions, such as deposits or withdrawals of certificates. Such a restriction is known as a chill. For example, DTC may impose a temporary chill that restricts book-entry movement of securities, effectively closing the books and stabilizing existing positions until a merger or other reorganization has been completed.

Chills are also placed when, among other things, regulators take certain actions, or when there are questions about an issuer’s compliance with applicable law.